International Journal of Pharmaceutics and Drug Analysis

Generative Artificial Intelligence for Diabetes Mellitus Prediction and Intelligent Clinical Decision Support

Sangeeta Lalwani — 2026-09-10

Diabetes mellitus is a major chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent dysregulation of blood glucose and progressive cardiovascular, renal, neurological, and ophthalmic complications. The global prevalence of diabetes has increased substantially, reaching approximately 14% among adults in 2022, with nearly 830 million people living with the disease. The rapid expansion of electronic health records, continuous glucose monitoring, laboratory databases, medical imaging, wearable technologies, and patient-generated health data has created opportunities for artificial intelligence (AI)-based diabetes prediction and clinical decision support. Conventional machine learning models demonstrate potential for diabetes detection and complication prediction; however, challenges remain regarding heterogeneous datasets, external validation, calibration, dataset shift, interpretability, and clinical implementation. This study proposes a systematic framework integrating generative AI, particularly large language models (LLMs), with validated predictive models for diabetes risk assessment and intelligent clinical decision support. A secondary evidence-synthesis approach was used, integrating findings from systematic reviews, clinical trials, diabetes technology research, and recent LLM literature. Evidence indicates that only 36% of evaluated machine learning models for diabetes complications demonstrated clearly useful discrimination. Generative AI has shown promise in treatment support, although performance decreases with increasing clinical complexity. ChatGPT-4 achieved 69.2–84.6% agreement with clinician prescribing in selected monotherapy cases but only 47.1–49.8% for dual- or triple-therapy cases. The findings support using generative AI as an orchestration layer for prediction, evidence retrieval, contextualization, explanation, documentation, and workflow support rather than as a replacement for validated prediction or clinical judgment. Safe implementation requires calibrated models, authoritative retrieval, uncertainty representation, auditability, privacy, fairness assessment, human oversight, and prospective clinical validation.

Safety and Efficacy of Finerenone in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Patients

Mukherjee Nilanjan — 2026-10-07

Background: Finerenone is a selective non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist with established kidney and cardiovascular benefits in chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes. Short-term real-world data from broader CKD populations, including non-diabetic CKD, remain less extensive. We evaluated renal responses and safety during routine nephrology care.

Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational, single-centre study in adults aged 18–75 years with CKD stages 1–4 and significant albuminuria/proteinuria. Twenty-eight eligible participants receiving or initiated on finerenone were followed at baseline and at 1, 3 and 6 months. Finerenone was used at 10–20 mg once daily with dose adjustment according to eGFR and serum potassium. Primary outcomes were longitudinal changes in eGFR and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR); treatment-emergent adverse events were the principal safety outcome. Descriptive subgroup analyses compared diabetic and non-diabetic CKD.

Results: All 28 participants had recorded renal measurements at 1, 3 and 6 months. Mean eGFR increased from 45.5 ± 25.1 mL/min/1.73 m² at baseline to 54.8 ± 24.2 at 1 month, 55.9 ± 24.2 at 3 months and 55.4 ± 24.6 at 6 months; the mean 6-month change was 9.9 mL/min/1.73 m² (95% CI 5.7–14.2; p < 0.001). Median uACR decreased from 1040.0 mg/g (IQR 619.8–1485.8) to 313.5 mg/g (IQR 137.0–387.2), a 69.9% reduction in cohort medians. At 6 months, 25 participants (89.3%) had an increase in eGFR from baseline, and 19 (67.9%) had a patient-level uACR reduction of at least 30% in an exploratory analysis. Treatment-emergent adverse events were recorded in 18 participants (64.3%); hyperkalemia was recorded in 7 (25.0%), and 5 (17.9%) had maximum follow-up potassium ?5.5 mmol/L. Hypotension occurred in 4 (14.3%) and renal deterioration/mild eGFR decline in 2 (7.1%). No cardiovascular composite event or hospitalization was documented.

Conclusions: In this small, uncontrolled observational cohort, finerenone exposure was associated with progressive reduction in albuminuria and an observed increase in mean eGFR over 6 months. Hyperkalemia and haemodynamic events remained clinically relevant and support structured monitoring. The findings are hypothesis-generating and cannot establish causality or long-term cardiorenal benefit.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding the Ill Effect of Consumption of Hormonal Pills Used To Delay Menstrual Cycle among Women at Rural Community, Kanpur, Up”

Km Muskan Trivedi — 2026-10-17

A woman using hormonal pills to delay menstrual cycle without proper knowledge may experience various health problems. Hormonal pills are commonly used to postpone menstruation for personal, social, and cultural reasons. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding the ill effects of consumption of hormonal pills used to delay menstrual cycle among women in a selected rural community, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The objectives of the study were to assess pre-test knowledge, evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching programme, and find the association between knowledge scores and selected demographic variables. A quantitative research approach with a quasi-experimental one group pre-test and post-test design was used. A total of 60 women aged 18–45 years were selected using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a self-structured knowledge questionnaire. The findings revealed that the pre-test knowledge of women was inadequate to moderate, whereas post-test knowledge showed significant improvement after the structured teaching programme. The mean post-test score (20.76) was higher than the pre-test score (11.65), indicating the effectiveness of the intervention. The obtained “t” test value 19.17 was greater than t-value (2.00) & df 59 which was p<0.05 level which shows significance differences between pre-test and post-test level of knowledge hence the formulated research Hypothesis H1 was accepted. The test revealed that there was no significant association of knowledge level with selected demographic variables, were found no significant at <0.05 level of significance. The study concluded that the structured teaching programme was effective in improving knowledge regarding the ill effects of hormonal pills used to delay menstrual cycle. Hence, health education programmes are essential to promote awareness and prevent misuse of hormonal pills among women.

Assessment Of The Level Of Awareness And Acceptance Of Use Of Buscopan In The Management Of Labour Among Expectant Mothers Those Who Are Attending Gynec Opd In Selected Hospital, “A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Muskan Prajapati — 2026-10-17

The awareness and acceptance regarding the use of Buscopan in the management of labour among expectant mothers are important aspects in promoting safe and effective labour practices. Informing mothers about the use and benefits of Buscopan can improve their knowledge and acceptance during labour. Therefore, the researcher adopted a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional survey design to assess the level of awareness and acceptance among expectant mothers. This study was conducted among 150 expectant mothers attending the gynaecology OPD in selected hospitals in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of expectant mothers had inadequate awareness, while the level of acceptance was moderate to adequate. A positive relationship was observed between awareness and acceptance. The chi-square analysis showed that, for awareness, age (?² = 5.21) and occupation (?² = 4.96) were not significant, whereas education (?² = 12.45), family income (?² = 11.22), and area of residence (?² = 8.14) were statistically significant. For acceptance, age (?² = 7.32), education (?² = 10.18), occupation (?² = 6.87), family income (?² = 9.76), and area of residence (?² = 6.55) were found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis (H?) was rejected and the research hypothesis (H?) was accepted for significant variables, while H? was accepted for non-significant variables.

A Study To Evaluate The Effectiveness Of Selected Audio-Visual Modalities On Level Of Knowledge Rergarding Various Impacts Of Substance Abuse Among Adolescents At Higher Secondary Schools, Kanpur, Up.

Shakya Richa — 2026-10-17

Substance abuse is a major public health concern affecting individuals, families, and communities worldwide. It refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs. Substance abuse can lead to physical, psychological, and social problems, such as addiction, organ damage, mental health disorders, and impaired social functioning. The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of selected audio-visual modalities on the level of knowledge regarding the various impacts of substance abuse among adolescents in higher secondary schools in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. The study was conducted at Ushadeep Senior Secondary School, Mandhana. A total of 60 samples were selected using a non-probability convenience sampling technique, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire regarding the various impacts of substance abuse. After the pre-test, health education regarding the various impacts of substance abuse was provided to the participants with the help of audio-visual modalities. After seven days, a post-test was conducted to assess their level of knowledge. The data were collected and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study showed that, among the 60 participants, the pre-test assessment of knowledge regarding the various impacts of substance abuse revealed that 18 (30%) had an inadequate level of knowledge, 35 (58.33%) had a moderate level of knowledge, and 7 (11.67%) had an adequate level of knowledge. In the post-test assessment, none of the participants (0%) had an inadequate level of knowledge, 15 (25%) had a moderate level of knowledge, and 45 (75%) had an adequate level of knowledge regarding the various impacts of substance abuse.

Design, Development and Process Validation of Antibiotic-Loaded Ocular Inserts

M. Sreenivasa G — 2026-11-05

The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate Levofloxacin-loaded ocular inserts for sustained ocular drug delivery using the solvent casting method. Conventional ophthalmic formulations, such as eye drops, exhibit poor bioavailability due to rapid precorneal elimination and drainage from the ocular cavity, resulting in reduced therapeutic efficacy and the need for frequent administration. To overcome these limitations, ocular inserts were developed using gelatin, chitosan, and HPMC K4M as film-forming polymers, with PEG 400 as a plasticizer and benzalkonium chloride as a preservative. Preformulation studies, including melting point determination, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), were performed to assess drug purity and compatibility with the selected excipients. The prepared ocular inserts were evaluated for physical appearance, thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, tensile strength, drug content uniformity, and in-vitro drug diffusion. All formulations exhibited satisfactory physicochemical characteristics, acceptable mechanical strength, and uniform drug distribution. In-vitro diffusion studies demonstrated sustained drug release for up to 10 hours. Among all formulations, F3 exhibited an optimal drug release profile along with satisfactory mechanical properties and stability. Drug release kinetic analysis indicated that the release profile predominantly followed zero-order kinetics and the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, suggesting a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. Stability studies further confirmed that the optimized formulation remained stable without significant changes in physical appearance or drug content. The results suggest that Levofloxacin-loaded ocular inserts may serve as a promising sustained-release ocular drug delivery system by improving precorneal residence time, potentially enhancing ocular bioavailability, and improving patient compliance compared with conventional ophthalmic dosage forms.

Comparative In-Vitro Quality Assessment of Commercially Available Isosorbide Dinitrate 10 mg Tablet Formulations

Naga Santhosh Reddy Satti — 2026-11-13

Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) is a well-known organic nitrate that is frequently used to treat heart failure and angina pectoris because of its potent vasodilatory activity. The pharmacological profile, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and new developments in formulation techniques are the main topics of this review article's thorough assessment of ISDN. The medication's effects on nitric oxide pathway modulation, myocardial oxygen supply-demand balance, and preload and afterload reduction in cardiovascular diseases are highlighted. The article also discusses safety concerns and limitations such as tolerance development, and clinical evidence for its effectiveness. In order to improve therapeutic results, novel therapeutic strategies including combination regimens and medication administration are also covered. Overall, this review highlights the ongoing importance of ISDN in cardiovascular medication and suggests possible avenues for further study and therapeutic application.