International Journal of Pharmaceutics and Drug Analysis

INFLUENCE OF POLYPHARMACY MANAGEMENT ON CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES IN PTCA PATIENTS WITH LIFESTYLE AWARENESS: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY COMPARING PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT POLYPHARMACY INTERVENTIONS

Meena Kumari L — 2026-05-18

This prospective observational study evaluated the impact of polypharmacy management and lifestyle awareness on cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Conducted over six months in a secondary care hospital, 130 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) were assessed using clinical data, medication records, and lifestyle modification scores. Interventions included medication review, optimization, dose adjustments, and patient counseling by clinical pharmacists, alongside lifestyle education. The majority of patients were males aged 51–60 years, with high prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. Statins and dual antiplatelet therapy were the most frequently prescribed drugs. Patients receiving polypharmacy interventions demonstrated improved medication adherence, better awareness, and reduced rehospitalization rates compared to those without interventions. The findings highlight the critical role of structured pharmaceutical care and lifestyle modification in enhancing long-term cardiovascular outcomes and quality of life in post-PTCA patients, emphasizing the need for integrated, patient-centered management strategies.

ANALYTICAL STANDARDIZATION OF GANDHAGARASAYANAM- ASIDDHA POLYHERBO MINERAL FORMULATION

Pushpa P — 2026-05-18

Gandhaga Rasayanam is a Siddhadrug widely used in the treatment of skin diseases. There are multiple methods and various herbo-mineral combinations abundantin Siddha texts to prepare Gandhaga rasayanam. The scientific standardization of traditional preparations is essential to ensure their quality, safety and efficacy. The present study aims to evaluate the physiochemical parameters of Gandhaga rasayanam prepared by, as per the reference Anuboga Vaidya Navaneedham- part 6. It was then subjected to physiochemical and phytochemical evaluation,tests for microbial load, aflatoxins and pesticide residuesas per AYUSH guidelines. The formulation exhibited the presence of characteristic bioactive ingredients in HPTLC profiling and phytochemical evaluation. The safety of this drug is assessed by screening microbial load, identification of aflatoxins and detection of pesticide levels. Thus, the study provides scientific evidence supporting the quality, efficacy, and standardization of the formulation highlighting its potential for further clinical and pharmacological investigations.

INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SIDDHA POLYHERBAL FORMULATION - SAARANAI MOOLI KUZHAMBU

Rajasankar V — 2026-05-18

Saaranai Mooli Kuzhambu (SMK) is a polyherbal formulation described in classical Siddha literature for Paandu Noi (Anemia). Standardizing Siddha polyherbal formulation is necessary to ensure the quality of medicines for their safe usage.The study aims to standardize the SMK by modern instrumental analytical techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), and ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry). The SMK had been prepared as per the reference text “Pathinen Siddharkal Vaithiya Sillaraik Kovai Part II” and screened for particle size, identification of functional groups, and detection of heavy metal contamination. SEM analysis was carried out at IIT-Madras, Chennai. The SEM analysis of the sample showed the presence of nano-and micro particles. The FT-IR spectroscopy and ICP-OES were performed at CCRAS, Chennai. FT-IR has revealed the presence of functional groups like alcohol, carbonyl, amines, and Ethers. ICP-OES indicated that heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead are detected below the limit of quantification. This study shows how modern standardization methods can improve the reliability and acceptance of polyherbal formulations at the global level.The results show that SMK is preferably nontoxic when used at the recommended dose.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYTICAL SCREENING OF SIDDHA POLYHERBAL FORMULATION “INJI PODI” THROUGH INSTRUMENTAL TECHNIQUES

Nisha R — 2026-06-08

Siddha system of medicine is a traditional system originated from ancient Tamilagam in south India. According to Siddha, 4448 disease classifications are mentioned. ThamaragaNoi (coronary heart disease) is one among the disease. Various medicines are available for ThamaragaNoi in Siddha. One kind of medicine is Inji Podi (IP). Standardization of Siddha formulation is mandatory to assess the quality of the medicines for their safe and discriminate use. The aim of the study was to standardize the IP by modern instrumental analytical techniques such as FTIR, SEM and ICP-OES. SEM analysis was carried out at IIT madras that shows the presence of micro and nano particlesin IP for a better bioavailability of the drug. FTIR and ICP-OES was carried out at CCRAS, Chennai. FTIR analysis confirms the presence ofalcohols/phenols, aliphatic chains, and carbonyl-containing compounds. ICP-OES analysis indicates that the heavy metals such as Mercury, Arsenic, Lead and Cadmium are present as Below Detectable Limit. Based on the results, Inji Podi is safe, preferably non-toxic to humans for its therapeutic dose.

COMPREHENSIVE PHYTO-PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF SIDDHA HERBAL FORMULATION “SEVIYA VADAGAM (SV)” FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE

K. Sabari Suvetha S — 2026-06-10

SeviyaVadagam (SV) is a traditional Siddha polyherbal formulation that has long been used for managing jaundice and various hepatic disorders. Despite its extensive traditional usage, scientific validation and standardization are essential to ensure the quality, safety, and consistency of the formulation. This study was designed to investigate the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of SV using standard analytical methods prescribed for Siddha formulations.The formulation was prepared according to classical Siddha text “Aathmarakshamirtham Vaithiya Saara Sangiragam” and subjected to organoleptic, phytochemical, and physicochemical analyses. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of biologically active constituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins, and triterpenoids. Physicochemical evaluation showed that moisture content, ash values, extractive values, pH, hardness, and friability were within permissible limits, indicating the stability and purity of the formulation. The findings generated from the present investigation may serve as preliminary standardization parameters for SV and also support its traditional use in hepatic disorders. However, further detailed pharmacological and clinical studies are necessary to confirm its therapeutic efficacy and safety profile

ANALYTICAL FINGERPRINTING OF THE SIDDHA POLYHERBAL REMEDY LAVANGADHI VADAGAM (LV) USING FTIR, TLC/HPTLC AND ICP-OES –A QUALITY CONTROL APPROACH

Fahmidha S — 2026-06-11

Siddha polyherbal formulations, rooted in traditional medicine, offer promising holistic management due to their synergistic bioactive constituents. However, standardization and quality control remain critical challenges for their wider acceptance. The present study focuses on the analytical fingerprinting of a Siddha polyherbal remedy Lavangadhi Vadagam (LV) using advanced instrumental techniques, namely Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). FTIR analysis was employed to identify functional groups and characterize major phytochemical classes present in the formulation. HPTLC profiling provided a comprehensive chromatographic fingerprint, enabling the detection and comparison of key bioactive compounds. ICP-OES analysis was conducted and to assess the presence of heavy metals, ensuring safety and compliance with pharmacopeial standards. The integration of these analytical techniques establishes a robust quality control framework for the Siddha formulation LV.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF TRADITIONAL SIDDHA FORMULATION MUTHU CHENDURAM

Karthikaa T — 2026-06-06

Background: Siddha metallo-mineral formulations such as Muthu Chenduram are traditionally valued for their enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. However, scientific standardization using modern analytical techniques is essential to validate their safety, composition, and structural transformation.

Objective: To standardize Muthu Chenduram through physicochemical evaluation and advanced analytical techniques including ICP–OES, XRD, SEM, and EDAX.

Materials and Methods: The formulation was prepared as per classical Siddha procedures described in Agasthiyar Chenduram 300, using purified pearl, zinc, mercury, mercury perchloride, sulphur, and milk. Physicochemical parameters were assessed using standard protocols. Elemental analysis was performed using ICP–OES, crystalline phases were identified by XRD, while SEM–EDAX was employed to study morphology and elemental distribution.

Results: The formulation appeared as a fine black powder with low moisture content (LOD: 2.38%) and high inorganic content (total ash: 23.63%). ICP–OES revealed high levels of mercury (74625.9 mg/kg), zinc, and calcium, with negligible lead and cadmium. XRD confirmed the formation of stable crystalline phases, predominantly mercuric sulphide (HgS), along with ZnS and CaCO?. EDAX analysis corroborated the elemental composition, showing dominant Hg–S complexes. SEM analysis demonstrated nanocrystalline particles (11–18 nm) aggregated into microstructures.

Conclusion: Muthu Chenduram is a well-standardized metallo-mineral formulation exhibiting physicochemical stability, nanoscale transformation, and conversion of mercury into a relatively stable sulphide form. The findings support traditional preparation methods and indicate potential for enhanced bioavailability, though further toxicity and pharmacological evaluation are required.

PROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF SITAGLIPTIN AND DAPAGLIFLOZIN IN ADULT PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Gangadhar Naik J — 2026-06-30

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic and advancing metabolic disease that shows the defining characteristic features of chronic hyperglycemia, raised risk of cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes. The latest oral anti-diabetic medications that have gained prevalence because of their better safety and efficacy evidence are dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors Type and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. The safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin versus sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes were systematically assessed. To determine and compare the impact of sitagliptin and dapagliflozin on the safety profile, glycemic control and a few clinical and demographic variables like age, gender, family history, and duration of diabetes. A total of 120 individuals with T2DM aged 25 to 70 years with HbA1c levels of 7% to 10% were chosen for this study. Patients were unbiasedly divided into two equal batches and received either dapagliflozin (n = 60) or sitagliptin (n = 60). Glycemic variables including fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and HbA1c levels were assessed at baseline and during follow-up. SPSS software package was used to execute the statistical analysis. Dapagliflozin was statistically more in therapeutic efficacy than in sitagliptin, while sitagliptin was more therapeutically effective in managing postprandial glucose levels. Dapagliflozin was more effective than sitagliptin in maintaining overall glycemic control and additional metabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

FORMULATIONS AND EVALUATION OF BETEL LEAF EXTRACT IN CANCER MANAGEMENT

Amit Kumar — 2026-06-30

Chewing betel quid has been linked by several researchers to oral cancer and other potentially harmful conditions of the oral cavity. Conversely, when taken by itself, piper betle leaf may have anti-cancer, anti-helminthic, hepato-protective, and antioxidant properties. In this work, we investigated the anti-cancer properties of aqueous piper betle extract on Hela-cancer cell lines. Piper betle leaf extract was added to the cancer cell lines at escalating concentrations (6.25,12,25,50,100 µg/ml). By looking at the cells under an inverted phase contrast microscope for any discernible changes in cell shape and using the MTT assay method to determine the percentage of viable cells, the cytotoxic effect of the extract on the cells was examined using physical signs of cytotoxic alterations. The MTT assay results demonstrated that the percentage of cancer cells that were viable declined as the extract concentration increased. The highest concentration of 100µg/ml of Piper betle leaf extract resulted in a 43.42% cell viability rate, demonstrating the anticancer activity of the extract. Piper betle leaf's cytotoxic potential could be utilized to create chemotherapeutic drugs, however more in-depth research on the plant's anticancer qualities and the separation of its constituent components are required to demonstrate its value in cancer treatment.

INSTRUMENTAL STANDARDIZATION OF SIDDHA FORMULATION CHITHIRAMOOLA RASAYANAM USING FTIR, SEM AND HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS

Jeris Agnes J — 2026-06-30

Objective: The present study aims to standardize a Siddha Polyherbal formulation (Chithiramoola Rasayanam) using modern analytical techniques to ensure its quality, safety, and efficacy.

Methods: The formulation was prepared using purified raw drugs including Chithiramoolam (Plumbago zeylanica), Nilappanai (Curculigoorchioides), Thannirvittan (Asparagus racemosus), Parangichakkai (Smilax china), Serangkottai (Semecarpus anacardium), along with honey, ghee, and sugar, following classical Siddha procedures. The prepared drug was subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for identification of functional groups, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology and particle size analysis, and Heavy Metal Analysis to assess safety by detecting toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, and mercury.

Results: FTIR analysis revealed characteristic peaks corresponding to hydroxyl, aliphatic, carbonyl, and ether groups indicating the presence of phytoconstituents such as phenols, flavonoids, and glycosides. SEM analysis showed irregular, agglomerated particles with rough surface morphology, suggesting effective trituration and enhanced surface area. Heavy metal analysis confirmed that all toxic metals were within WHO permissible limits.

Conclusion: The findings confirm that the formulation possesses significant physicochemical characteristics and meets safety standards. This study provides scientific validation and supports the standardization of the Siddha formulation.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-ASTHMATIC ACTIVITY OF MENISAMOOLA PARPAM IN HISTAMINE-INDUCED BRONCHIAL ASTHMA MODEL IN WISTAR RATS

Kowsalya T — 2026-06-30

Background: Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the respiratory system characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia, and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Although conventional therapies are effective, their long-term use may be associated with adverse effects. Traditional Siddha formulations offer a potential alternative approach for the management of respiratory diseases.

Objective: To evaluate the anti-asthmatic activity of Menisamoola Parpam (MSP) using a histamine-induced bronchial asthma model in Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were divided into five groups: normal control, disease control, standard (mepyramine-treated), and MSP-treated groups receiving low and high doses. Bronchial asthma was induced by exposure to 0.5% histamine aerosol, and the pre-convulsion time was recorded. Haematological parameters, including total leukocyte count and eosinophil count, were evaluated. Serum IgE levels and the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-?, IL-4, and IL-5) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mast cell stabilization activity and histopathological examination of lung tissues were also performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's post hoc test.

Results: MSP significantly reduced total leukocyte and eosinophil counts, serum IgE levels, and the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with the disease control group. MSP also exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of mast cell degranulation. Histopathological examination revealed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and restoration of normal lung architecture in the MSP-treated groups.

Conclusion: Menisamoola Parpam demonstrated significant anti-asthmatic activity through its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and mast cell-stabilizing effects. These findings suggest that MSP has potential as a therapeutic agent for the management of bronchial asthma.

Adverse Drug Reaction Prediction using Generative Adversarial Network

Shiksha Alok Dubey — 2026-07-31

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) pose significant challenges to patient safety and the effectiveness of drug therapies. This study focuses on improving drug safety by anticipating and reducing ADRs through advanced predictive modelling. By leveraging a hybrid approach that combines machine learning and deep learning techniques, along with the generation of synthetic data using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), the study enhances the accuracy of ADR prediction. Among the evaluated models, Deep Learning Regression demonstrated superior performance with the highest R² score (0.8222) and lowest RMSE (0.05411), indicating robust predictive capabilities. Polynomial Regression also showed promising results with the lowest MSE (0.0021). In contrast, Lasso and ElasticNet Regression models exhibited poor performance due to overfitting and negative R² values. While the results validate the efficacy of AI-based models in surpassing the limitations of traditional clinical trials and pharmacovigilance systems, further improvements in algorithm optimization and model interpretability are necessary. These advancements are essential to support the widespread adoption of AI tools in healthcare and to ensure a safer drug development lifecycle.

GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN PHARMACEUTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT: SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES

Kiran Kumar Byram — 2026-05-18

Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) has emerged as a sustainable approach in pharmaceutical method development, aiming to minimise environmental impact while maintaining analytical efficiency and reliability. Conventional analytical techniques often rely on toxic solvents, high energy consumption, and generate significant chemical waste, necessitating the adoption of greener alternatives. This review highlights the principles of GAC, including reduction of hazardous reagents, minimisation of solvent use, energy efficiency, waste management, and the use of renewable materials. The application of green solvents such as water, ethanol, supercritical CO?, ionic liquids, and deep eutectic solvents is discussed. Various green analytical techniques, including green HPLC, UPLC, SFC, spectroscopic methods, electroanalytical techniques, and microextraction approaches, are explored for sustainable pharmaceutical analysis. Additionally, green sample preparation methods and evaluation tools such as Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI, and AGREE are emphasised for assessing method greenness. Despite significant advancements, challenges such as limited green alternatives, validation complexities, and cost constraints remain. The integration of green principles with modern analytical technologies is essential for achieving environmentally sustainable pharmaceutical practices.

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ANTI-DIABETIC AND ANTI-CANCER PHARMACEUTICALS AS EMERGING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS

Aniket Bajaj — 2026-06-30

The category of pharmaceuticals is significant in terms of emerging pollutants since there is the continual release of these chemicals to the environment due to their increasing use throughout the world. Anticancer and antidiabetic pharmaceuticals are particularly challenging in this context as a result of their widespread application, persistence in the environment, and considerable biological activity. Large-scale discharges of antidiabetics such as metformin, for instance, have the ability to impact the community structure of microbial populations, as well as affect nitrification process and metabolic processes in soil and aquatic systems. Even at environmentally relevant ng/L–µg/L concentrations, cytostatics used in the treatment of cancer-pharmaceuticals intended to be cytotoxic and genotoxic – may cause DNA damage, inhibit microbial growth, and interfere with cell division. Due to the stress response associated with sub-lethal exposures that leads to upregulation of multi-drug efflux pumps, these two categories of pharmaceuticals can also facilitate the emergence of AMR in bacteria.